Fundamental properties of materials are coupled to their atomic and molecular level structure, making x-ray and neutron diffraction measurements key to understanding the structure-property relationship.

Lattice dynamics describe the motions of atoms in a material, and inelastic scattering measurements of phonons provide a link to the thermodynamic properties of materials.

Temperature-dependent measurements of materials including heat capacity and entropy make critical connections between thermodynamic properties and structure.

Internal energy in a material is made useful through phase transformation or electrochemical reactions and can be connected to structure and dynamics through in situ and operando measurements.